Health Care Of Underprivileged Children Health And Social Care Essay

swellness Cargon Of low mob(prenominal) Children wellness And Social C atomic number 18 EssayIn September 2000, representatives from 189 part states of the United Nations met at United Nations headquarters in New York and adopt the millennium Declaration, a series of collective priorities on peace and security, the eradication of poerty, the environment and human rights.Following this declaration, a tick of eight goals, the Millennium Development finishs (MDGs) were drawn up as the blueprint to achieve detectable results and improve the put outs of people in developing countries by the tar claim meet of 2015.The eight MDGs acknowledge specific, measurable tar films and timelines, for developing countries as well as for donor countries, civil monastic order organizations and funding institutions such as the globe Bank. All nations agreed to to a lower placetake specific follow-up measures to ensure that these goals were achieved in their own countries and commitments withdraw been made to fund these initiatives.The MDGs Priorities for ChildrenEach tike is natural with the right to extract, food and nutrition, wellness and shelter, an command, and to participation, e attri providede and protection. The MDGs are especi all(prenominal) last(predicate)y simple(prenominal) for the well-being of children they promote wellness grapheme education protection against ab engage, ontogenesis and violence.Our report pertains to the following millennium development goalsGoal 1 uproot Extreme meagerness and HungerExtreme poverty hinders childrens main course to nutrition, wellness wish and education. Providing children with basic education, wellness care, nutrition and protection fulfills their rights, increasing their chances of survival and of a proceedsive future.Goal 2 Achieve Universal primeval EducationEducating children is a tool to achieve all the MDGs. Primary education as well as includes the education of wellness in which it is taugh t how to take care of wellness as pr stilltion is better than cure. Especially beca custom m just or so(prenominal) children in Pakistan direct the propensity to fall sick frequently and gum olibanum croup non continue their education. So for getting education the childs health should be untroubledguarded at all costs.Goal 6 Combat HIV / AIDS, Malaria and Other DiseasesDiseases downstairsmine the development in the third world countries malaria, measles, polio and tuberculosis cause the deaths of millions of children who do non spend a penny pricey nutrition, sanitation or healthcare. We terminate prevent this substantially by promoting long-term ancient health education and providing them with health indemnification to safeguard their futures.What is Primary Health Care?Primary health care is a vital and an indispensable care of your health and it is withal a foundation of the health care system which involves providing several initial essential level services to individual families and communities, by means of a team of health professionals, consultants and various doctors.Primary Health Care is found on 4 Key PillarsTeamsPHC is about on the job(p) in teams to provide beneficial health care facilities to communities and individual, and to improve the continuity of care. It also diminishes duplication by ensuring your access to proper health professionals.In formationPHC provides enhanced adroitness of information amid doctors and expanded access to information and using voguern tools uniform electronic health records and diagnostic devices to advance the eminence, access and coordination of health information.AccessPHC wees you great access to the right services when and where you need them.Healthy LivingPHC believes in your better care and focuses on prevention, inveterate conditions, and encouraging support for self-care.What Is Health damages? indemnification is loss by illness or tangible wound. It facilitates you with all kinds of expenses from Medicare to all kind of infirmary expenses. Health redress brush aside be directly purchased or net be accustomed to both respective employee.Importance of Health InsuranceHealth insurance provides health in an affordable way for you and your loved mavins that include your Medicare and family protection from the imposing fee of healthcare.(Rarely medical checkup bills faeces be m singletarily devastating and families pull by means of from such debts in a certain long period).Protects Your FutureWhen individual gets insurance of his car or home, they mean to protect their family and themselves from financial sufferers. Insuring your health is same as that. Health care is way much pricy than an insurance of other things.Read the facts belowThe average cost of a trip to the emergency manner for an adult is about $700, non including some(prenominal) hospital facilities, which whitethorn increase the bill to well over $1,000A broken leg can cost up to $7,500Average expenses for accouchement are up to $8,800, and well over $10,000 for C-section deliveryThe integrality cost of a hip replacement can track down a whopping $32,000Above instances sound scary, besides with the right innovation, one can protect Himself from most of these and other types of medical bills.Gets You the Care You Need some(prenominal) people who do not fetch health insurance fails to get the medical care they need. That is because they are worried about the best interference expenses. The key of beneficial health insurance is access to a expectant network of doctors and hospitals.Read the H.I benefits belowQuick and easy access to worthy medical needs.Peace of mind during a hard time because one knows they are covered.Affordable access to care and health information to backup you glee and healthyIs There A Need For Health Insurance In Pakistan?In Pakistan and India, at least one third of the 1.3 zillion lives in urban hubs and of this population estimated 400 million earn less(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than $3 a day. The Pakistani government use just 0.9% of its gross domestic product on health and even India uses entirely 1.9% of its GDP on a woe entirey under-resourced, inundated public health sector. Thus 97% of all healthcare outlays occur from out-of-pocket and harmful medical costs and treating major(ip) diseases in low cost are a main precipitate of cohort poverty.Major Health Insurance Providers (Underwriters) In PakistanAllianz EFU Health InsuranceAdamjee Health InsuranceIGI Health InsuranceUnited Insurance confederation of PakistanAsia CarePak Qatar TakkafulHealth care for the disadvantagedDeveloping nations are overwhelmed by effort of under nutrition and a host of viruses. Outbreaks of diarrhoeal diseases give a rough steer to the vile hygiene of the confederacy (clean and safe drinking water is a dream for millions even now).In legion(predicate) nations health care is provided jointly by the government and the private sector, but the generateful of public health institutions are the altogether hope for the innocent people. The services of private hospitals are not up to the mark of the monumental bulk of population belonging to the low-income zone. The private zone is apparently come to only in remedial medicine and these hospitals and clinics are essentially run with a yield aim except for a happenful of society that runs on charitable founding. We cannot blame the former group as it is not their duty to offer unacquainted(p) health care to poor people. legion(predicate) ag expiryas aimed at the bar of transmissible diseases are run in under developed countries with the help of WHO, but even these agendas failed to give needed effect. The reasons for the bankruptcy of these national health agendas are multi factorial the vital being is the unavailing loom by the government officials implicated in implementing the agendas.(Rarely beneficiaries get less than 1% worth of what is imagined in the agenda).Consequently, the deprived of Pakistan are losing faith in the healthcare industry on the whole. The reasons can be summed up as follows escape of funds in the public health sector drop of resources and equipment in government hospitals need of spur in government hospitalsLack of native health educationPoor utilization of services outlawed staff recruitment in government hospitalsRampant illiteracy opposed allocation of fundsWhat is Naya Jeevan?NAYA JEEVAN is a not-for-profit hearty enterprise dedicated to enhancing the lives of low-income families.Naya Jeevan kit and caboodle in collaboration with incarnate, academic, and non-profit institutions so that a new wave of social responsibility can be catalyzed that can then be leveraged to micturate a positive sustainable outcome for all stakeholders.Naya Jeevan believes that philanthropy should not be a transient, ad-hoc event but be institutionalized as a fully integrated part of society.V isionTo provide underprivileged children and their families throughout the emerging world with tone and affordable access to catastrophic healthcare.ObjectivesReduction in poverty and mortality rates attributable to shrill infectious diseases and lack of apropos treatment.Reduction in disease outbreaks delinquent to lack of preventive care.Reduction in the incidence of recreational/ addictive substance abuse.Reduction in maternal mortality attributable to emerging pregnancy complications.Mitigation of urban child labor and child exploitation. bodied Social Responsibility through joint partnerships with the corporate, non-profit, academic and service sectors. interconnected social empowerment of the low income population.Business objectives to catalyze an ecosystem effectPoverty alleviationBy reducing the financial invasion of catastrophic medical expensesReduction in maternal/child moralityThrough timely intervention and 24/7 access to ambulances, medical doctors, ERs, trauma c enters, and so onImprovement in primary winding health outcomesThrough preventive health education and behavioral agitate storesReduction in substance/ medicate abuseThrough rehabilitation shop classs and access to treatment centersMitigation of child/labor/sexual/ personal abuseHealthy breadwinners go forth alter children to remain in inform and away from premature laborNaya Jeevan evaluate Added services24-hour medical hotline24/7 access to a sufficient medical doctorHelp with navigating the complex world of hospitalsHelp with claims management, hamlet and trouble-shootingBeneficiary orientation (Training)Animated interactive presentation at thickening premise by a qualified medical doctor (same set of doctors who manage the helpline).Managing expectations what is covered, what is not, where to go, access to hospitalsCase based claims scenariosBuilding of rapport and organized religion with beneficiariesAccess to subsidized OPD and pharmacy networkQuality checks on quantity of treatment at the treating hospitalHealth knowingness sessions (Workshops)Primary health care workshops on topics such asHealthy Heart ease up hygienicsDental hygieneNutrition and Weight ManagementAnti-smoking/ baccy dental issuesAnnual health check-ups (Screening)Head to toe examination at guests premiseNo compromise on working hoursEarly diagnosing of diseases and managementAggregate Annual Health Report of employees (a health-o-meter of the organization)Targeted Preventive Health Workshops based on the findingsHealth insurance of underprivileged nongovernmental organization schooltimechildren run crossways overviewIn February 2011, Naya Jeevan started on the innovative idea of insuring the health of children that fell under the umbrella of other NGOs. The idea was to provide quality healthcare to these children as they were willing to study but a disease or an injury incurred by them or a family member could potentially put an end to their dreams forever. Furth ermore, most of these children did not film any awareness about primary health care, or about ways of preventing/ mitigating common ailments prevalent in their locality. Thus they would end up going to untrained professionals with inadequate or no qualifications for treatment of such ailments/ injuries, further exacerbating not only the medical problem at hand but also the unstable financial conditions of their families.Project ImpactThis project is throwed to provide quality health care to underprivileged schoolchildren who cannot afford quality health which includes primary health care.Importance of AccessMost children are healthy. Some may ask, therefore access to health care is important for children. In some important ways they are distinct in age groups. For health services they are entirely dependent on their adult caregivers, and are unaware from the advantages of health care and its benefits.Childrens health needs are also significantly different from those of adults. Wi th the time children grown with a rapid change and it may cause them to get ill or get injure during their activities and if those diseases or injuries are not treated well so they can leave a huge affect on a childs physical and emotional development.The type, cruelty, and rate of health conditions that children practice also differ from adults. Childrens can experience a wider range of health issues if not experience been interpreted care well and even though certain childhood conditions are quite mild in single instances, they defend the tendency to pass along to life-long disabilities.For example, chronic ear infections, if unchecked, can lead to hearing impairment, and possibly education disabilities.The Limitations of InsuranceChildren arrive a beneficial impact on access when extending health insurance to low- income. This does not mean that children will inevitably have full access to health care, peculiarly the deprived ones.Insured low-income children use fewer serv ices than the richer, insured children. Moreover, poor children with insurance are less likely to go to a private physicians office and utilize community health centers, compared to their better-off counterparts. There are a number of reasons for these differences.The families of poor children with insurance face nonfinancial fences to health care that insurance cannot address, including transportation, child care, inconvenient location of services, and service hours that conflict with work. Children of immigrant families may face additional barriers, including an softness to speak in their primary language, fear of exile, and cultural conflicts with Western medicine.Therefore, providing insurance without developing a delivery system to serve the needs of low-income children does not have to produce the desired outcome of improved access to quality health care.NGO Schools under the Naya Jeevan health planThe project is a pilot to test out health insurance in NGO schools across Paki stan. In 2011 Naya Jeevan enrolled 8,334 NGO school children in the plan across the country. Participating Schools areManzil School, KarachiZindigi Trust, KarachiIISAR Foundation, KarachiDIL Schools, KhairpurMashal School, capital of PakistanManzil School (Karachi)Manzil is a Non-Profit Organization providing free education to children in the slum areas of Karachi. Starting with only 20 students in 2002, today Manzil has around 200 students who are being equipped with the highest quality of education, practical knowledge, skills and work ethics. It is situated in Quarter No1.Railway line snuggle Bath Island Clifton. Manzil was started by a PhD student at CBM Ms. Shazia Mirza, after she observe the socio-economic divide in the region. She lived near the slum in a well off neighborhood and her house maid came from Raitee Line Bastee. Sensitized by the proximity of this other world, she started the school in a one room rent out from her pocket currency. The majority of the community /bastee is ethnically blimpish Pathans. The winning of the trust of this community has been one of the major successes of the initiative.Zindagi Trust Schools (Karachi)Zindagi Trusts program educates children who work in the urban slums of Pakistan. With nearly 2800 students, a 2.2- year accelerated primary education course is taught to the children who spend most of their days toiling in car-repair shops other general stores in Karachi, Lahore Rawalpindi. Permission is sought from the students parents and employers before enrolling them in the free schools to ensure success. The use of Government Buildings allows for a proper school experience with circlerooms and blackboards.Right now Naya Jeevan is giving health plan to 7 such schools in Karachi.IISAR Foundation (Karachi)IISAR was founded in 1990 by Prof. Dr. Ahmed Saleem Siddiqui, with an aim to cede promote quality education irrespective of differences. IISAR is a world class center having concentrations in teaching and investigate, revelation-based knowledge and technology-based learning across the full range of the social, political and economic sciences. Its a non-profit organization and has an outstanding written report for academic excellence.Mashal school (Islamabad)Mashal is a self-funded school (i.e. registered trust), comprising of 406 children in classes ranging from nursery to class 8. These children face hardships at home, as well as at work, when merchandising items such as flowers, shopping bags and sweets, and washing cars on the streets. They have elfin choice, but to survive on their own in the companionship of gangs on the street. They are vulnerable to abuse and exploitations of all forms. Despite most of the childrens traumatic past experiences, through the assistance of Mashal School, they are able to overcome their inhibitions and at last develop a sense of trust and dignity which allows them to finally live their lives as children and possess a deserved sense of belongi ng.DIL schools (Khairpur)Developments in Literacy (DIL) has been working in Khairpur District, Sindh, since 1998. DILs mission is to combat illiteracy in the remote, underdeveloped regions of Pakistan by opening non-formal primary and middle schools for girls. DIL hopes to break the entrenched social taboos against female person literacy by working with the communities and gradually empowering young girls to improve their future prospects through education. However it is only possible for a child to concentrate on their studies when they are in good health. Education does not only include learning how to read and write but also the knowledge of how to whole tone after ones self and make ones life better. Thus DIL has embarked on a journey to improve both the health and nutritionary status as well as alleviate the levels of literacy in the children of Khairpur.PLI policyIn 2011 with co-operation and research we introduced Profit and Loss Insurance (PLI Policy). The difference betwe en the PLI Policy and the reparation insurance policy can be explained by analogy of attribute and debit. In conventional health insurance for the price of the premium you get a binding promise from the insurance company to cover claims under the plan. A group may have paid 50,000 PKR in premiums but apply services of up to 100,000 PKR. On the flip side they client may have not used any services and have lost all the money in the premium. A managed care/PLI manakin is similar to a debit card. You spend what you have and the insurance company charges a fee for that. However, if you have any money left over, it is carried over to the next year unlike the premiums. Also, because it is your money you can choose which claims you penury to settle in spite of them being policy exclusions.During this pilot year of micro-health care for children Naya Jeevan has tried to assess the efficacy of both models. The total insurance coverage limit for both was set at 50,000 PKR for the inpatie nt and the rest of the money used as a pool for outpatient expenses on a reimbursement basis. graphic RepresentationNumber of school childrenNumber of claimsHealth Awareness operate provided by Naya JeevanAga khan anti-tobacco workshop-Naya Jeevan partnered with Aga Khan University and there team of doctors delivered an anti-tobacco workshop at the schools. Many of the children re addicted to some form of tobacco over there. Thus many a(prenominal) have sub-mucosal fibrosis, which is an irreversible narrowing of the give tongue to cavity due to oral tobacco use. Two children were found to have pre-malignant oral lesions. AKU delivered this workshop free of cost.In-house preventive health workshops-Naya Jeevan believes in primary healthcare prevention. Children cant be in the best health if they dont have information about the disease process. Healthcare workshops belong to a mini interactive lecture series in collaboration with other corporate partners and the topics chosen are b ased upon the feedback received.Examples of healthcare workshops held to date are hand washing, dental and smoking/drug addiction, etc. Several workshops were delivered by our health check Services team, including Healthy Heart, Sad Teeth Happy Teeth, Dental hygienics and Hand Hygiene at schools.Re-fresher trainings-Trainings are also being given by Naya Jeevan to parents who come to attend unfluctuating parent-teacher meetings at the schools, and to the teachers/ administrative staff.We have been conducting refresher trainings in many of the NGO schools, and have come to realize, among many things, that it would be of great help if instead of visiting these schools and delivering the trainings in person, we could have these schools periodically play a video recording of our training whenever they had a substantial number of parents visiting the school.Challenges of the programData files are especially cumbersome. They are on hard copy and had to be re-entered into electronic for m. This takes a lot of time and effort. Even the cards distribution is a challenging area as they had to be delivered class wise.Problems of unaffordability (both time and monetary) of parents to reach the jury network hospitals according to existing protocols has been a major barrier. Many children only suffer minor medical problems and need outpatient treatment. Therefore, collaboration with reliable hospitals in their vicinity is in progress.Language barrier has resulted in poor keeping of information so off the beaten track(predicate). Therefore, repeated refresher trainings were given to parents and teachers so that they may know the proper use of card. The small number of rejected claims shows that re-fresher trainings were effective.Lack of trust from parents was also a challenge in the reimbursement process. Parents werent sure that we will reimburse the money and that too within a month. Other than this they were not comfortable in submitting original medical bills and receipts to us.Lack of availableness of audio-visual equipment/ electricity/ adequate space in every school to have got large groups of parents and teachers.The lack of interest shown by the teachers has been a major barrier. This has been puzzle out by fashioning them a stakeholder in the health plan also, with the sense that they will take responsibility of taking the lead on making the health plan more comprehensive for the children.The slow process of mount up funds in vicinity hospitals So far, Islamic global Medical Complex has been set up for Mashal School in Islamabad with plans for this model to be replicated to all schools systems.Keeping a proper school wise backup of claims that can be shown to anyone who wants to access the information anytime.why We Chose Naya JeevanNaya Jeevan targets that need of the underprivileged population that is not fulfilled by any other NGO i.e. affordable healthcare. Therefore, by increasing awareness about the importance of health ins urance, and prevention of basic medical and dental issues (that can cause devastating health-related and financial problems later), one can greatly impact the quality of life for many low-income people.Need assessmentThrough Naya Jeevan we think to visit schools and putting up a workshop regarding health to kid. From this counselor the schools were expecting that the children will adjust their routine that wuill help them to take care of their health. little resource was obtainable to present them that did not help to make children go fully aware with their health knowledge. We as health students have a lot of health awareness and of facts related to it which can be effortlessly distribute to those kids who are ignorant of diseases and health issues that need to be taken care of.Materials and equipmentSince these schools have no capital for organizing workshop we had to assemble every resource our self. All multimedia (speakers, projectors and screen) were organized by Naya Jeeva n. We arranged lifelike illustration and miniature stories regarding health and distributed among kids.Our volunteer workAs Naya Jeevan gives workshop to school children to improve the health education in and to increase awareness of how to take care of live. We volunteered with Naya Jeevan and visited one of the schools and gave workshops. This was quite an interactive session and we gave workshops in small groups so that they may understand well. This is quite a good learning for them and also for us.The following are the workshops we prepared and delivered for these schoolchildrenHand HygieneDescription http//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQvwd7yWW5ALmEZzijVQp0qSPcJA3RH57G9IRZevZXWqafhPy7BThe Naya Jeevan Hand Hygiene workshop was developed to enlighten our cute beneficiaries about the importance of keeping your reach clean as our hands are the primary tools that enable us to accomplish various tasks. At the same time it also serves as a main mode of transmission of various i nfectious agents.The key learning objectives of the workshop includeWhen is it necessary to wash hands?What are the proper steps of hand washing?What is feco-oral route of transmission of germs?What are the important infections that can banquet through feco-oral route and how can they be prevented? sequence 60 minutesInfectious DiseasesIn Pakistan, its the communicable diseases constitute the bulk of most illnesses. exactly in recent years we have seen epidemics such as breakbone fever fever. Description CUsersZaraDesktopimagesCAGJG6QU.jpgThis workshop discusses at length, the prevention and combat strategies for infections such as typhoid, malaria, dengue, gastroenteritis, various forms of hepatitis and other most prevalent ones in PakistanDuration 50 minutesDental HygieneDelivered by a dental practitioner, this workshop deals with all the common teeth issues that result from poor oral hygiene.The dentist talks about the proper way of brushing teeth and the products like Paan, Gutka, betel nuts, cigarette etc that must be avoided in order to discover oral hygiene.It also highlights some of the oral cancers that can result from use of addictive substances such as tobacco.Duration 30 minutes equilibrate DietDescription CUsersZaraDesktopdiet imagesimagesCAQNOBSE.jpgA balanced diet is one that includes the Recommended Dietary Allowances, also called RDAs, for all the essential nutrients. These include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.The physician discusses the nutritional requirements (in calories) for individuals based on gender, age, profession, physical activity and co-morbidities.Duration 50 minutesSustainability of resultsThe project strongly inculcates the spirit of giving back and community engagement. public exposure of a new idea goes through the following stagesKnowledge intellectionDecisionImplementationConfirmationProblems facedThe Schools had problems likeNon active function of teachers as of no personal benefit.Language fe nce. We have to speak in easy languageLack of partial resourcesBuilding faith in childrenRegulate in their ambiance.Schools were very keen on having their children screened, especially marrow and dental screenings.Children cannot afford the taking care of their and were sad that they cant even buy a toothpaste and will continue with tooth powderThe outcomes of these workshopsChildren specifically great children started taking care of their healthMore calls started coming on helpline regarding basis health informationThese workshops created so much impact on the children that they also educated their family about health.There was a major issue in the panel hospital that hospital staff did not treated the poor children well considering it was a private hospital. We went to these hospitals and talked to those hospitals to treat these children well.After a hebdomad we got calls from schools that these workshop created a big impact and wanted us to design more workshop for the kidsThe school also reported us that these workshops created a big living difference and major difference were seen.The school children used to eat a lot of bubble gum and beetles. After the workshop the school noticed that 30% stopped eating it.It was also identify by the schools that there should be refresher workshop as the children holding forget the things soon.This is a new product that has required constant tweaking throughout the year and training and re-training of the schools.NGO schools currently require very destination and regular contact throughout the year to encourage the expenditure of services.The product has to be as simple as possible with cashless card based services for everything including out-patient services. Re-imbursement scenarios have to be kept at a minimum.Teachers have to be active stake-holders.Conclusion and recommendationsAll children need health care, whether for regular check-ups, for episodic health problems such as ear infections, or for chronic con ditions. Because health services are relatively expensive, childrens access to care is mostly dependent on whether or not they have health insurance. Unfortunately, far too many children are not covered and therefore, do not receive needed care.The health plan in the original format has not been successful. Naya Jeevan has quickly moved in to alter the original plan and make sure that the children benefit from their coverage. These includeInsuring the teachers to make them a stakeholder in the childrens health. Most teachers are from the same community as the school and thus are the most important factor in increasing uptake of services.Depositing funds at a nearby identified network hospital is of essence. After the funds have been deposited, Naya

Biometric Identification

Biometric Identification BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATIONIntroductionThe escalating threat of global act of terrorism and narcoterrorism in the twenty-first century has generated massive changes in the acknowledgment of suspect criminals. One of the technological highlights in this regard has been biometric identification. Biometrics refers to the science of identifying humans organism by analyzing biological traits or physical characteristics (Bolle, 2004). This paper describes the some astray- utilize forms of biometric identification and demos the advantages and disadvantages of each.Advantages and Disadvantages of Biometric Systems Biometric identification is an automated manner used to recognize a person based on behavioral or physiological characteristics (Tipton Krause, 2004). behavioral characteristics include utterance or authorisewriting. Physiological characteristics include fingerprint, iris, or hand geometry.1. Fingerprint analysis The most commonly known biometric system is a the fingerprint analysis (Bolle, 2004). The principle here is that each individuals set of fingerprints is unique. This method requires a user to wander his or her finger onto a testifyer. The persons fingerprint is scanned and sent to a database where it will be compared, identified, and verified. Fingerprint engine room is widely used today in law enforcement, banking, and in merchandising. The biggest strength of this method is its high truth and number 1 incidence of turned acceptance and its low cost. However, fingerprint technology is said to have a high false rejection rate (where valid users are incorrectly rejected access). Sometimes, the technology does non recognize accurately in case of hand trauma, age, or disease.2. overhaul geometry The hand geometry identification method is the second most commonly used biometric tool (Jain, Ross, Pradhakar, 2004). Basically, it analyzes finger length and the edge of a hand. Hand biometric requires a person to p lace his or her hand on the wile which has pegs to cast the hand on. When the hand is put properly in place, the device scans and checks the database for identification or verification. While the hand biometric device is easy to integrate, use, and can correct work despite dirty hands, the technology is expensive, has low accuracy level, cannot read when hand is injured or has suffered from trauma, or when a person has arthritis.3. Retina technologyThe concept is that it is practically impossible to counterfeit a human retina. The digital scanner analyzes capillary vessels situate in the back of the eye. Retina biometrics requires the person to place his or her eye close to a scanner and as the device scans, to focus on a specific point while being still (Jain, Ross, Pradhakar, 2004). The process takes 10-15 minutes. Retina technology has a very high accuracy rate. However, it is a sensitive process, expensive, and quite uncomfortable for those who wear glasses.4. theatrical r ole technology office biometrics analyzes the pitch or tone of a persons voice. Voice biometrics fall into two categories voice recognition and speech recognition. Voice recognition analyzes quality of the voice while speech recognition interprets what a person says (Jain, Ross, Pradhakar, 2004). The advantages of this system is that is it non-invasive and not susceptible to error due to a cold. However, its accuracy may be compromised with the presence of acoustics in the room and change magnitude age.ConclusionBiometric identification includes methods such as fingerprint technology, hand geometry, retina analysis, and voice recognition. Although biometric identification is undeniably cutting edge technology, there are disadvantages present that is inherent with any modern technological systems.ReferencesBolle, R. (2004). Guide to biometrics. New York Springer.Jain, A. K., Ross, A., Prabhakar, S. (eds.) (2004). An approach to biometric recognition. In IEEE Transactions on Circ uits and Systems for Video Technology (14th ed.). New York Springer.Tipton, H. K. Krause, M. (eds.) (2004). training security management handbook. New York CRC Press.

The Essence Of The Marketing Concept

The Essence Of The Marketing ConceptMarket portionation scum bag be defined as the process of breaking smooth the gibe mart for a harvest-home or service into distinct sub-groups or ingredients where each component may conceivably in play a divide organize technicalize to be stumbleed with a characteristic tradeing mix. naval division and the subsequent st identifygies of calculateing and scene start by recognizing that increasingly, within the total take on/ foodstuff for a mathematical harvest-festival, specific tastes, ask and cl draw a bead on may differ. It breaks down the total market for a product or service into soul clusters of clients, or segments. Here, customers who shargon similar demand preferences atomic number 18 grouped unitedly within each segment.Effective class is achieved when customers sharing similar aims of demand be grouped together and where each group or segment differs in the pattern of demand from another(prenominal) segme nts in the market. In intimately markets, be they consumer or industrial, or so kind of segmentation can be accomplished on this basis.2 behinded market effortsMost companies realise that they cannot accomplishmentively serve all the segments in a market, and must instead target their merchandise efforts. For example, in larning a new car, the manu accompanimenturing firm get out mother to make a decision on many an(prenominal) issues, much(prenominal) as should it be a two-, iv-, or five-seater framework, with a 1000, 2000 or 3000cc locomotive engine? Should it ca-ca slash, theoretical account or vinyl seats? The over-riding factor when decision reservation these issues is customer demand. Some customers (segments) may leaseiness a five-seater 2000cc model with leather upholstery, while others may prefer a four-seater with a 1000cc engine and fabric seats. A solution would be to compromise and produce a four-seater 1500cc model with leather seats and fabric tr im. Clearly, much(prenominal) a model would go some demeanor to meeting the requirements of both groups of buyers, entirely there is a danger that beca practice session the needs of neither market segment be just met, most potency customers would leveraging from other suppliers who could cater for their specific requirements. Ironically, wholeness of the biggest post-war car failures was the much heralded and much hyped American Ford Edsel car. This is a car that was produced high societying extensive marketing research, the results of which were aggregated, and the end product was a car that satisfied the true needs of very(prenominal) few buyers qualification it the most spectacular flop in neo motoring history.Target marketing is thus defined as the identification of the market segments that be identified as being the most likely procurers of a companys products.Specifically, the advantages of target marketing beMarketing opportunities and unfilled gaps in a market may be much(prenominal) accurately appraised and identified. much(prenominal) gaps can be real (e.g. sweet, vigorous, harsh or mild) or they can be illusional in foothold of the way batch want to view the product (e.g. happy, aloof, silly or moody). In the case of the former, product attri al atomic number 53es can gather these criteria whereas for the latter these attributes superpower swell up read to be implanted in the minds of customers through an let ad message.Market and product appeals through exercise of the marketing mix can be to a greater extent delicately tuned to the needs of the potential customer.Marketing effort can be conpennyrated on the market segment(s) which finish uper the greatest potential for the company to achieve its goals be they goals to maximise profit potential or to secure the best long-term sight for the product or any other appropriate goal.3 Effective segmentationTheoretically, the base(s) use for segmentation should lead to segm ents that be mensural/identifiable Here, the base(s) employ should preferably lead to ease of identification in terms of who is in each segment. It should excessively be capable of amount in terms of the potential customers in each segment.Accessible Here, the base(s) employ should ideally lead to the company being able to reach divideed market targets with their individual marketing efforts.Meaningful The base(s) used must lead to segments which choose different preferences or needs and show clear variations in market behaviour and response to individually designed marketing mixes.Substantial The base(s) used should lead to segments which are satisfactoryly large to be economically and very much worthwhile serving as discrete market targets with a classifiable marketing mix.The third criterion is particularly of import for effective segmentation, as it is an essential prerequisite when attempting to scram upon and select market targets.In segmentation, targeting and pos itioning, a company must identify distinct subsets of customers in the total market for a product where any subset might eventually be selected as a market target, and for which a distinctive marketing mix depart be developed. The following represents the sequential steps in conducting a segmentation, targeting and positioning exercise for any given product market. choose base(s) for segmentation and identify appropriate market segments.Evaluate and appraise the market segments resulting from the first step.Select an overall market targeting strategy.Select specific target segments.Develop a product positioning strategy for each target segment.6. Develop an appropriate marketing mix for each chosen target segment in order to support the product positioning strategy.4 Segmentation bases in consumer product marketsGeographic segmentation consists of dividing a country into regions that normally represent an individual sales persons territory. In bigger companies, these larger region s are past broken down into areas with individual regional manager controlling sales mass in distinct areas. In international marketing, different countries may be deemed to bring to pass different market segments.Demographic segmentation consists of a wide var. of bases for subdividing markets, and each of these is now discussedAge is a good segmentation variable star for such items as clothes where the fashion-conscious young are more capable to regular changes in style and older segments are perhaps more concerned with such factors as quality and comfort.Sex is a strong segment in terms of goods that are specifically targeted towards males or females and once again an limpid example is clothing. Here, fashion is a powerful element when buying, and a whole industry surrounds this criterion.Income as a segmentation base is more popular in certain countries like the USA than others who regard such matters very privately. favorable level is possibly the sensation most used v ariable for research purposes. It is universally used. The National Readership Survey divides everybody into the following categories as shown in view 1A Upper middle come apart (higher managerial, administrative or professional) which comprises about 3 per cent of the raceB Middle class ( middling managerial, administrative or professional) which comprises or so 10 per cent of the populationC1 set out middle class (supervisory, clerical, junior administrative or professional) containing around 25 per cent of the populationC2 Skilled working clsass ( practiced manual of arms workers) who comprise around 30 per cent of the population.D Working class (semi- and unskilled manual workers) or around 27 per cent of the populationE Lowest levels of subsistence (state pensioners with no other income, widows, casual and lowest manakin earners) who form the re master(prenominal)ing 5 per cent, or thereabouts, of the population.Figure 1 Social class and grade structureEducation is often related to brotherly class, because, as a generalisation, the fo to a lower place educated tend to get the advance jobs. It is largely acknowledged that a persons media habits are related to education. Accordingly, newspapers design to aim their news and newspaper content towards the upper or lower ends of the friendly spectrum, and encourage advertisers to target their advertising appropriately, depending upon whether an advertisers product has an up-market or down-market appeal. In fact they publicise their readership profile of the percentage of ABC1, etc groups that very read their newspapers or magazines and this tuition is ascertained through independent auditors. This is done principally to alert advertising agencies who will place their clients advertising match to the social classes towards at whom their products are targeted.Nationality or ethnic background now constitutes a growing and distinctive segment for potential target marketing. Food products, clothing and hair address products are obvious examples of products that fit into this segmentation variable.Political is perhaps a less(prenominal) obvious segmentation base. An individuals political leanings might well make the way he or she behaves in terms of purchases made. Such purchases are of course reflected in the types of newspaper and other media that is read, and this, in turn, contains advertising which is aimed at people who read such media, so political leanings might be more significant than it initially seems.Family size will have an effect on the amount or size of purchases, so this is certainly a meaningful segmentation variable.Family life cycle is a logical follow on to the above and this will tend to determine the purchase of many consumer durable products. This is ground on the notion that consumers pass through a series of quite distinct phases in their lives, each phase cock-a-hoop rise to different buy patterns and needs. For example, an unmarried person living a t home will probably have very different buy patterns from someone of the same age who has left home and is recently married. come up and Gubar have put forward what is now an internationally recognised sort formation in relation to life cycle and these stages are shown in Figure 2Bachelor stage young single people not living with parents (which gave rise to the category of YUPPIES or young, upwardly-mobile persons)Newly marrieds no children (sometimes referred to as DINKIES meaning double income no kids)Full cuddle I with the youngest child being under six social classs of age (sometimes referred to as ORCHIDS meaning one recent child, heavily in debt)Full inhabit II is where the youngest child is six or overFull nest III is an older married couple with dependent children living at homeEmpty nest I with no children living at home, but the family head is in work (sometimes referred to as WOOPIES meaning well off older persons)Empty nest II where the family head is ret ired lonesome survivor in workSolitary survivor retired (unkindly referred to as retreat meaning cheap old child-minder, operating on nothing)Figure 2 Family life cycle segmentation baseSAGACITY is a tincture of the family life cycle grouping dust. This is a system that believes that people have different behavioural patterns and aspirations as they proceed through life. Four main stages of life cycle are defined asDependent (mainly under 24 living at home)Pre-family (under 35s who have established their own household, but without children)Family (couples under 65 with one or more children in the household) later(a) (adults whose children have left home or who are over 35 and childless)Income groups are thusly defined as being in categories better off and worse off railway line groups are defined as white (collar) or the A, B and C1 social groups and blue (collar) or the C2, D and E social groupsThe system works as shown in Figure 3Life cycle Dependent Pre-family Family LateIn come Better off Worse off Better off Worse offOccupation vacuous Blue White Blue White Blue White Blue White Blue White BlueApprox % 7 7 5 5 11.5 10.5 2.5 7.5 10 7.5 9 18 adults UK (NB Because of rounding, total frame of reference does not add to 100%)Source Research Services expressageFigure 3 Sagacity Life Cycle GroupingsType of region and ingleside (ACORN) is a relatively new segmentation base. Its underlying school of thought the fact that the type of dwelling and area a person lives in is a good predictor of likely purchasing behaviour including the types of products and tags which might be purchased. This classification analyses homes, rather than individuals, as a basis for segmentation. It is termed the ACORN system (A potpourri of Residential Neighbourhoods). The source of this is the 10-yearly population nosecount that is undertaken during every year ending with one the next being due in 2001. The system was developed by Richard Webber for Consolidated Analysis Ce ntres Incorporated (CACI). It breaks down the census of population into various categories of homes as shown in Figure 4.Acorn Type of dwelling Approx % UK population GroupA Agricultural areas 3B advance(a) family housing, higher incomes 18C Older housing of intermediate view 17D Poor quality older terraced housing 4E Better-off council estates 13F Less well-off council estates 9G Poorest council estates 7H Multi-racial areas 4I High status non-family areas 4J Affluent suburban housing 16K Better-off retreat areas 4U Unclassified 1(Source CACI)Figure 4 ACORN Classification systemThese ACORN classifications are further sub-divided into yet little groupings. For instance, Group C which refers to Older housing of intermediate status, is broken down intoC8 Mixed owner-occupied and council estatesC9 Small town centres and flats above shopsC10 Villages with non-farm employmentC11 Older private shousing skilled workersMosaic system This system is an extension of the ACORN system except that this is based upon individual postal codes (or zip codes). Each postal code in the UK consists of up to seven letters and figures. An individual postal code represents approximately ten dwellings and each of these groups of dwellings is given an individual Mosaic categorisation, of which there are 58 categories. The idea of mosaic comes from the notion that if a different colourise was ascribed to each category and superimposed on a map of the UK the resulting pattern would resemble a mosaic. The full Mosaic listing is not reproduced here, but by way of illustration some of these are described underM1 High status retirement areas with many single pensioners 1.0% of populationM15 Lower income older terraced housing 1.5% M25 Smart inner city plats, company lets, very few children 1.5% M33 Council estates, often Scottish flats, with worst overcrowding 1.3% M46 Post 1981 housing in areas of highest income and status 0.2% M50 Newly built private estates, factory workers, young fa milies 3.3% M57 Hamlets and upset farms 0.7% Taken together, the demographic bases described constitute the most popular bases for segmentation in consumer product markets, since they are often associated with differences in consumer demand. As such, they are meaningful to advertisers. For instance, occupation and social class are linked because of the way that occupation is used to define social class. It is, therefore, relatively easy to reach the different social classes through their different media and shopping habits, although boundaries between the purchasing power of different classes become blurred when, for example, skilled manual workers are able to earn higher incomes than their counterparts in lower or intermediate management.Direct or behavioural segmentation appeals to marketing people as it takes customer purchasing behaviour as the starting point for segmentation. Such bases includeUsage status when a distinction might be made between say light, medium and heavy us ers.Brand committedness status where customers can be divided into a number of groups according to their stanchty, or their propensity to repurchase the stake again. Status categories are heavy(p) core loyals who purchase the same brand every time balmy core loyals who have divided loyalties between two or more brands and purchase any of these on a random basis teddy loyals who are sometimes called brand switchers in that they buy one brand, and chip with it for a certain period, and then purchase another brand and expect with it for a certain period. They may then return to the original brandSwitchers who show no particular preference or loyalty to one particular brand, so their purchasing pattern cannot be clearly determined.Benefits sought-after(a)-after(a) is a segmentation base that determines the principal expectation(s) that a purchaser is want from the product. For instance, in the case of an automobile oil, purchasers might be looking for cheapness, a well known brand , its viscosity or its engine protection reputation. do for purchase likewise falls under this category. An example here relates to the purchase of holidays.Lifestyle or psychographic segmentation is based on the idea that individuals have characteristic patterns of living that may be reflected in the products and brands which they purchase. The advertising agency, new(a) Rubican, has come up with a classification system called Four Cs where C stands for consumers. These categories areMainstreamers or the largest group who do not want to stand out from the crowd. They are the biggest segment (over 40 per cent of the population) and tend to purchase branded products over supermarket brands.Reformers are people who tend to be creative and caring, many doing charitable work. They are largely responsible for the purchase of supermarket brands.Aspirers are usually younger people who are ambitious and astute to get on at all costs. Their purchases tend to reflect the a la mode(p) mode ls and designs.Succeeders are those who have made it and do not see the need for status symbols that aspirers seek. They like to be in control of what they are doing and this includes their purchases where they generally have very clear and firm ideas of what they see as a good product and what they see as being a less useful product.5 Segmentation bases in industrial product marketsSegmenting an industrial product market introduces a number of additional bases, uses similar bases and also precludes some of the ones more frequently used for consumer product markets. Such bases areType of application/end use e.g. adhesives for home, office and industrial useGeographical e.g. North, South, East and West regions or by countryBenefits sought Closely related to the above, but in terms of what the product truly does for the buying company e.g. detergents for general cleaning or detergents that are genuinely used in the production processType of customer e.g. banks or insurance companies or people who purchase for public authorities result/technology e.g. fibres for the carpet industry or the clothing industryclient size e.g. larger customers might receive different treatment to smaller customers and this is called key account selling whereby the sales manager deals directly with study accountsUsage rate e.g. light users or heavy users regular or sporadic usersLoyalty of customer e.g. regular purchasers of the companys products and sporadic purchasers. The treatment accorded to loyal customers might differ to that given to occasional customers buy procedures e.g. centralized versus change purchasing (which can affect the buyer/seller relationship) the extent to which purchasing is carried out by tightly defined, or more flexible, specifications which allows the seller more latitude in terms of making suggestions, the extent to which purchasing is by tender (i.e. by some kind of closed bidding system) or by open negotiationSituational factors considers the tactica l role of the purchasing circumstances. In some purchasing situations it requires a more detailed knowledge of the customer whereas in others the buyer/seller relationship is kept strictly to commercial mattersPersonal characteristics relate to the people who make purchasing decisionsAs with consumer markets, industrial market segmentation may be on an indirect (associative) or a direct (behavioural) basis. A variety of bases may be also be used in conjunction with each other in order to obtain successively smaller sub-segments of the market. The essential criteria given preferably for bases of consumer market segmentation being identifiable, accessible, substantial and, most important, meaningful are equally applicable to bases for industrial market segmentation. A nested get down has been suggested on the basis of a hierarchy from the broad to the specific (See Figure 5).DEMOGRAPHICS operate VARIABLESPURCHASING APPROACHSITUATIONALPERSONALCHARAC-TERISTICSFigure 5 A nested over ture to segmentation in industrial marketsAt the centre we have people who actually make buying decisions and their personalities must be considered. Then come situational factors that look at the tactical role of the purchasing situation. This demands customer knowledge. Purchasing approaches examines customer purchasing practices (e.g. who actually makes buying decisions, or the decision making unit). Operating variables allow a more exact pinpointing of potential and alive customers within the final category that is demographic variables, or the broad interpretation of the segments related to customer needs and patterns of usage.6 Effective segmentation once market segments have been identified, the marketers task is to assess these various market segments. This assessment should be in relation to sales and profit potential, or in the case of a non-profit organization, their ability to add to organisational aims. This means that each segment should be viewed in terms of its ov erall size, projected rate of growth, actual and potential competition, nature of competitive strategies and customer needs. Companies that square up to follow a concentrated or a differentiated targeting strategy must decide which of the segments in the market they wish to serve. Such a decision to select specific target markets must be based on some of the factors outlined earlier, including resources, competition, segment potential and company physical objects.There are four characteristics that make a market segment particularly attractiveIt has sufficient current profit and sales potential to meet the organisations aims and objectivesCompetition in the segment is not too intenseThere is good potential for future growthThe segment has some previously unidentified requirements that the company has recognised and is now in a position to serve oddly well7 Product positioningA company has to develop a positioning strategy for each segment it chooses to serve. This relates to the task of ensuring that a particular companys products occupy a planned for place in chosen target markets, pertinent to opposing competition in the marketplace. The notion of product/brand positioning is applicable to both industrial and consumer markets, and the key aspects of this approach are based upon the following suppositions.All products and brands have both objective attributes (e.g. sweet/sour dark/light fast/slow) and subjective attributes (e.g. modern/unfashionable happy/sad youthful/elderly).Potential purchasers might call about one or more of these attributes when deliberating which product and/or brand to purchase.That potential customers have their own thoughts about how the various competing products or brands rate for each of these particular attributes. In other words, the positioning of the brand on the parameters of these attributes (eg entertaining on the one hand to mundane at the other extreme) takes place in the mind of the customer.Once this is done, it is possible to establish important attributes in choosing between different brands or products, together with the customers perception of the position of competitors products in relation to these characteristics, and then establish the most advantageous position for the company within this particular segment of the market.The final step in the appraisal of segmentation, targeting and positioning is developing appropriate marketing mixes. This involves the design of marketing programmes that will support the chosen positional strategy in the selected target markets. The company must therefore determine the 4 Ps of its marketing mix, i.e. what price, product, distribution (place) and promotional strategies will be necessary to achieve the want position in the market.There are four acknowledged strategic options for target marketingUndifferentiated marketing where there is one single marketing mix for every potential customer in the market. differentiate marketing where there are many m arketing mixes for different segments of the market. concentrated marketing which has a single marketing mix for a segment of the total market.Custom marketing which attempts to satisfy each individual customers requirements with a separate marketing mix.8 SummaryWe can now revalue how marketing begins to work. Having defined the purpose of segmentation we have looked at the obvious and the less obvious bases for segmentation in both consumer and industrial markets. We have also ascertained that used well, the techniques and concepts described in this chapter can sacrifice significantly to overall company marketing success. Market segmentation, targeting and positioning decisions are thus more strategic than they are tactical.Segmentation variables should be examined in detail, especially new segments. These should then be authenticated in terms of viability and potential profit.Targeting investigates specific segments in terms of how they should be approached.Positioning relates to how the product is perceived in the minds of consumers and a suitable marketing mix should then be designed.

Concepts of Business Communication

Concepts of Business CommunicationRITU MUDLIAR officious earr from each one skills be carriages to be bonk a good listener. It fundament all in ally means that listeners be hearing various meats, understands its meaning and verifies the feedback. Characteristics of active listeners be that more conviction is spent perceive than talking. Five active listening skills in devising your communication with your trainees are attending, encouraging, reflecting, interpreting or questioning.Attending- this give aways the loudspeaker aware whether the staffs are active listeners or not. This overly implements that staffs exit be taking precautions measures to annunciation allthing discussed in the meeting.Encouraging- shows what the speaker is saying and discussing.Reflecting- it shows that you are listening and understanding whatever the speaker is saying. considering- analyzing whatever the speaker has said and summarizing it to be put into practice into their own words suspici oning- shows that the staff were attentive and by asking questions they are really attentive and aware of all the happenings.interpersonal skills are the skills we are using all day for communication and alloy around with other large number. This is through with(p) either individually or in groups. Mevery people have worked really hard in their original and personal lives. Four interpersonal communication skills areBeing optimistic- where people make feels around the work through or to be done so that when launching a new yield everyones opinion is taken into account.Patient- patience is very cardinal in some(prenominal) placement as with this person slew be in total misrepresent of the work pressure and staffs pressure.Confidence- doing anything or any project in any disposal is very important and with total confidence anyone can do anything impossible into possibility. With that belief staffs and employers tend to move forward their business constitution.Charming- this is very evoke character as whoever is charming can work their ways into anything. This provoke character has the charms to work things out.Assertiveness means where one person stands kingdom for other and standing up for that person. This normally is called bullies. Many people try out to be assertive through using methods and techniques that can be achieved. Those whom look to can dramatically can summation their effective influence and attitude by using these methods. Some methods and techniques used in this process areHave confidence as this normally can lead to progressive reports.Prepare questions and ask to whom it is suitable to and this will in return than will prove worthy or not.Read inspirational things that reinforce your faith in proper values-this will always give good precedents and thinkings towards business minded people and strategy.Negotiation is where two parties come to a vernacular promise to any set off. This however will than become the m utual agreement between them. This resolution always tends to work in any organizations to resolve union issues related to workers or management.Feedback is very important in any organization as this is the only way any partnership can get feedbacks about their products being sold out in the foodstuff. This way the company can always have a neat idea as to where they stand and can than intent to launch other products. This is important as constructive measures can be taken in pact to remedy anything.Clarification is what we dont understand and ask questions to crystallize the doubts anyone has in their minds. This is helpful to managers as this gives both the interviewee and the manager a fair idea as to whether that particular person has understood or not. Question and discussion makes it easier as this way all clarifications are out from both parties and whatever questions are there are cleared before action to another process. Feedback is a very important factor in any or ganization. This gives the whole progress report as to where the company stands and if its undecomposed to launch new products into the market or to grow the existing one. customers point of view gives the result of the market value and this ascertains the companys outcomes towards the profit. Follow up gives proper record of the sales market and makes you keep product market value at gamy level. For example since Alliance Leicester is dealing with banking, insurance and this all are related to money. If the company decides to launch more investments, it will apply all the possible action of feedback, keep an eye on up, clarification, question and answers as this will give the correct figure as to where the companys status stands and whether the company is liable to precede this product in the market.Also using rapport can be a solution too. Finding common grounds of communication to support your theory also portrays a huge role n the stock market. Displaying look upon and e mpathy is also another one of the methods.ChairpersonBuild a squad of your committee by bringing people along with you, working with them Interpret the purpose and programs of the organization to the committee Understand and interpret the society to the organization an committee members Be knowledgeable about services of other organizations engross skills in human relations and knowledge of your committee members to help each attain the peak of performance Accept and understand your committees goals and objectives as they come to you from the planning process Guide your committee in long and ill-considered range planning In the budget process, have your committee pretend costs of objectives and identify any income Monitor implementation of committee objectives When appropriate, decide with committee to take part in implementing objectives Delegate responsibilities to committee members avow conflicts and disagreements and use problem-solving skills to deal with them.Participant s Rights and ResponsibilitiesHave certain responsibilities which include Making every effort to gather sufficient testifyation that will allow them to make an informed decision about their participation, in good faith .While participating, they should also make every reasonable effort to comply with protocol requirements and inform the investigators of unanticipated problems. Participants always have the right to withdraw from their participation in research at any clock time and for any reason without penalty or loss of benefits to which they would otherwise be entitled.Minute recorderA minute recorder or secretary is the person who takes notes of all the meetings and makes it into a proper report for both the parties to keep. Their duties include keeping all records of conversations done between the two parties and then conveying the nitty-gritty to a exuberant report made into written or verbal communication. This way a record is made as to what has happened during the meeti ngs and what the outcomes are.Traditional views of the communication process in domesticate organizations have been dominated by downward communication flows. such(prenominal) flows transmit information from higher to lower levels of the school organization. School leaders, from rally office administrators to building-level administrators, communicate downward to group members through speeches, messages in school bulletins, school board policy manuals, and school procedure handbooks. Information passed from the nip managers or decision makers to the middle and low managers are called downward communication. For example executive manager passes a message that a new product has to be launched in Alliance Leicester and this message has to be passed on from one breaker point to another. The downward flow of communication provides a channel for directives, instructions, and information to organisational members. However, much information gets lost as it is passed from one person to another. Moreover, the message can be distorted if it travels a great distance from its transmitter to the ultimate receiver down through the formal school organization pecking order Implementation of goals, strategies, and objectives. Communicating new strategies and goals provides information about detail targets and expected behaviors. It gives direction for lower levels of the school/school district, community college, or university. For example The new reform mandate is for real. We must improve the look of products in order to succeed further in the market and increase our sales value Implementation of goals, strategies, and objectives. Communicating new strategies and goals provides information about specific targets and expected behaviors. It gives direction for lower levels of the school/school district, community college, or university. For example The new reform mandate is for real. We must improve the quality of student learning if we are to succeed.Supervisors are invested with decision making powers or increasingly complex decision making powers they farther you to go up the hierarchy chain of command. People in a hierarchy know who is to make the decision on a particular issue or at the very least, which is ultimately responsible for the decision (the clear up person in the hierarchy). Advantage of this is often more efficient than other methods such as group decision making. At the same time preventing those on the bottom of the hierarchy from making or participating in a decision.Structures are always centralized and decentralized in hierarchy chains. It defines the nature of the relationship with other employees with narrow control which gets under them more. 2 communication technologies used by Alliance Leicester are electronic and spoken communication. Electronic communication is done by telephone for internal impertinent communication, email, internet, fax and computers. This is required for making reports in the finance departm ent where all records are unbroken. It keeps people connected regardless of their locations instantly. Some advantages areMessages passed on are fast and efficient. It is delivered and reply comes back as soon as the receiver receives it.Disadvantages of electronic communication areEveryone is relying on electronic devices or else than their own minds as it used to happen in the old days. It seems businesses are running and depending more on these than the book records.Oral communication is another source of technology of communication. Some advantages of oral communication areIt is time saving as action is required to be taken at once into account. It is always best to transmit a message orally. If the executives workload is high than they stop writing and by oral instructions they complete their message transmission.Some disadvantages of oral communication areThere are no records of instructions passed on. Messages are difficult to record. Sorting out becomes impossible to go along the message for future purpose. This creates issues amongst the management where all records are to be kept safe for future purpose use.

Disciplines In Health Promotion Health And Social Care Essay

Disciplines In Health Promotion Health And cordial C are EssayIn the past years in that respect has been an budge magnitude expectation of new strategies and ideas concerning Public Health and Health Promotion with regards to stiffness, competency and the importance of a wide range of various slumps contributing to upraise the uses of resources and the form of soundness worldity (Macdonald and Bunton 2004).This assignment forget explore with small reflections and throw to a greater consequence light on the importance of the various turn backs much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as psychology, sociology, sparings and ethics that contribute to improve the exert of wellness publicity. Discussions ordain include the relevance of economics, sociology and ethics to the practice of wellness forwarding and dashs in which these scum bag contribute to taking into custody and evaluating wellness promotion. lastly it is expected that this assignment go away highli ght the problems and challenges set, address them and acquire recommendations for paid practice.CONCEPT OF HEALTHThe most acceptable known interpretation of health, states that health is a state of complete physical, mental, and brotherly wellbeing and not simply the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO 1946). However, although this definition has been accepted wide as a holistic and overconfident interpretation of health, it has been criticised for not including the spiritual and emotional aspects of health (Ewles and Simnett 2003 cited in Bennett et al 2009 p. 48).The mind is what really predicates the belowstanding of health and ill health considering the lay people and the practiti bingler is that, the definition of health is entirely personal to the single and his/her life styles. This has become necessity that healthcare professional should understand that the interpretation of health is highly mute antithetically from one person to the some other with regards to prints militating against them from one point of beat such as self-esteem, social support, one-on-one control and social shape (Laverack 2007), so that in an attempt to address these give aways one should be pitch to consider to embrace and undertake interventions of health promotions to achieve realistic goals.Blaxter (1990) identified five main concepts of health as follows, health as a physical fitness, health as social relationships, health as a function, health as psychosocial well-being, that prevails with young men of higher socioeconomic groups and lastly, health as not ill that is the absence of symptoms or medical endeavour widely used by all group.The term health promotion describes a multidimensional mount to encouraging health related life style changes among individuals and communities (Laverack 2007). Health promotion aims to allow people to increase their control everywhere their health and the factors that venture it, with the ultimate aim of enhancing health and its determinants (WHO 1986, 2005).Naidoo and Wills (2000) described gross chord levels of health education as follows, Primary prevention for example immunisation, unoriginal prevention for example screening. Then Tertiary prevention which aims to limit complications associated with permanent conditions, for example cardiac rehabilitation. However, an individuals approach to health promotion will be influenced by their own health public opinions and that of the profession they represent. Ewles and Simnett (2003) outlined a modelling of five approaches that demonstrate a range of values and beliefs that are unremarkably held. A value is an idea or concept that is regarded as worthy, preferred or useful (Moore 2001). And according to Fishbein (1976), a belief is a opportunity judgement that links about object or concept to some attributeThe five approaches are Medical approach to prevent disease, demeanor change approach that is persuasive education, Educational approach that provides patients right to determine water an informed choice, Empowerment approach, this is patient-centred approach that helps patients to identify their own learning necessarily and, facilitated by a health educator, gain the knowledge and skills they require to make decisions about their health needs and the tender change approach this does not focus on the individual but on society as a whole (Ewles and Simnett 2003). Similarly health promotion interventions can be achieve by adopting the downstream approaches to tackle health behaviors that give turn up to problems and upstream approaches to tackle the causes of such behaviours such as alcohol and take problem that leads to social exclusion and poverty. To alleviate this problem valuees should be obligate on such items and local employment programmes set up at the upstream to tackle the cause. Health information and behaviour programmes should be provided to put to work this problem at the downstream ( Mckinlay 1979).THE DISCIPLINESFor health promotion to be useful and efficient, it is important to explore a variety of disciplines as well as the use of an available resources and the remove evidence base practice (Macdonald and Bunton 2004). The question is which discipline ideas, concepts or theories inform us in promoting health? just generally it has been said that psychology has played an important role in formulating strategies (Bennett and Murphy 1997 Bennett et al. 1995), identifying aims and objectives and purporting effective approaches for health promotion (Bunton et al. 1991 Bennett and Murphy 1997).Psychology whence is concerned with the scientific study of the processes of the mind and behaviour and how human and other animals relate to one another with the environment (Colman 1988). It has been plant that psychological theories by using communication model of behavioural change has proved sure-fire and reported of positive outcomes for example, according to Boo ts and Midford (1999), suggested that females were used in campaigning in mass media activities to raised awareness of drivers to city block drinking when driving in Australia. Similarly Petty and Cacioppo (1986) by the use of Elaboration Likelihood place explained how preexisting beliefs and interest of an individual as well as the cognitive content content (how it is package) has a positive impact in changing behaviour that is the likelihood of a known HIV positive person who is bear upon in a campaign of promoting National AIDS awareness programmes can effect an increase knowledge, less risky attitudes and a safer behaviour change than somebody without the disease (Scollay et al. 1992).It has in like manner been found that the use of the health belief model has given an in-depth understanding about low rates of accord to screening and prevention recommendations. This type consist of five models, more common are the approaches that increase the barriers to unhealthy behaviour s that is by use of increasing tax income in tobacco or alcohol that serves as an effective check with young adults who are more affected by price changes than aged(a) adults (Lewit et al. 1981). But Brownson et al. (1995) also affirmed that by imposing restrictions on such items on alcohol without licencing, renders it ineffective that poses political issues and controversy. Also through Social learning theory (SLT), that states behaviour is the product of a relationship among perception and environmental events (Bandura 1997). It has been realised that, behaviours are influenced by two sets of expectancies, the start being the action-outcome that explains the fact that if an individual believes that a particular action will cause disastrous health problems like smoking causes cancer then the individual sees the outcome as a value.The second being the self-efficacy expectancy, that is if the individual realises that giving up of smoking will lower the risk of getting cancer then the person places a high value on the behavioural change. These two expectancy beliefs have been found to be effective in helping to resist peer pressure to smoke or the use of drugs (Stacy et al. 1992) and engaging in safer sex practices (OLeary et al. 1992). However it has been argued that behaviour comes as a result of a formal decision making and seems to be habitual and thoughtless (Hunt and Martin 1988).Conversely economics as a discipline has also contributed to health promotion either in a positive or negative way spherically. Health economics according to Santerre and Neun (2009) studies the allow and demand of health care resources and the impact of health care resources on a population (p.4). It can also be used to entre the impact of tax changes on smoking behaviour, for instance increasing taxes on such item like cigarette would be very effective. Because it will increase the cost of cigarette which will in turn chalk up to a reduction in the number of young ad ult smokers and at the alike(p) time reduce the amount of consumption. Similarly the changes in tax do not actually affect the number of adult smokers. On the other hand if taxes are imposed on cigarettes, the disadvantage is that tobacco duty is going to go up which will affect the pathetic more the rich (Grossman and chaloupka 1997).Economic policies has also threaten the ontogenesiss of interventions globally for instance, the millenary Development Goals (MDG) which was hailed as a new frame work for development that would have propelled and directed change in the spheres of hunger, health and human right, compare and education is being threaten by economic problems of soaring goodness prices, government decisions of misdirecting funds and global slowdown to bring it to reality. For example this will affect the UN population fund, whose agency focuses on maternal and reproductive health which is a major public health issue for instance it has been estimated that, in India the number of women dying during childbirth is highest anywhere in the world that is one woman dying every three to six minutes from preventable causes, yet the country spends less than 0.9% of gross domestic product on public health. On the other hand it would cost the world $6bn to stop women dying during childbirth less than the amount spent in a day and a half on the military. Also sound economic investment could go a long way to bring triumph in countries across Asia pushing down the poverty levels. At the same time political priorities, if geared towards health-related MDGs will help save women from dying, reduce child mortality rate, combat HIV/Aids, promote gender e property and eradicate extreme poverty and hunger globally (Holmes 2008).Another discipline of importance is sociology which has also played an effective role in promoting health. Sociology enables us to understand the structure and dynamics of society, it attempts to analyse the patterns of human behaviour and in dividual life changes. It also examines the different forms of social structures like groups, organisations, communities and social categories such as gender, age and race and various social institutions like kinship, political, economic or religious groups that affect human attitudes, actions, values and beliefs as well as opportunities (Thorogood 2004 cited in Macdonald and Bunton 2004).The significance of this has highlighted an understanding into how health and illness affect our everyday life and has also criticised medicine as a light beam to support capitalist development and exploitation (Navarro 1974 Doyal and Pennell 1979). According to Illich (1976), medical say-so has done a lot of harm than good for example the practice of biomedicine has created a lot of sicknesses as a result from the risk of surgery, anaesthesia, effects of drugs and immunisations. This has also open ways to examine and to improve ways of different factors of health issues that is beyond the field of medicine and which the medical world does not have an adept opinion, and sociology can offer an insight into how and why these progressions occur. These also include the family structure, housing problems and employment issues as well as policies and suggest ways to address them (McKeown 1979 Kennedy 1983 Townsend and Davidson 1982).The adoption of health promotion strategies has come under scrutiny in a sense that not only does the approach of information-giving is enough to change a person but then the issue of empowerment model that is gaining greater control and making a bounteous choice (Tones 1986 ). For example health promotion campaign in juvenile times has not been successful to address the issues relating to educational responses to HIV/AID. there has been various criticism in the approach with regards to norms and values that has been associated to targeted groups and more significantly the ideas and values that binds the campaign which were not expressed (Watney 1 988a).The issue of impasse confront government-sponsored programmes between agencies have been emphasised, on one hand and need for appropriate information on a vital public health issue on the other as well as a political and social unwillingness to support the profile of sex (Wellings 1988 Watney 1988b). The reasons for this tension is by chance the sensitivity of undertaking any public educational activities which addressed forms of intimate relationship that might misinterpreted and could damage the traditional family values (Jessopp and Thorogood 1990). This can be achieved by carefully adopting a skilful decision-making strategy of acknowledging the individual social and political views as well as the structure of the community and their pre-existing values and beliefs. This will influence the ways in which information is comprehend and operated on, decision-making and choice (Thorogood 2004 cited in Macdonald and Bunton 2004).Another area that has been criticised is the co ncept of evidence-base to inform health promotion policy and practice for achieving health outcomes (Bowen and Zwei 2005). Programmes designed to support evidence-base health promotion (EBHP) are being investigated and discussions are on-going to find out which machine could be most effective to support the evidence into policy practice and relevance of practice guidelines. Even though resources can be found in large organisations that are responsible for making sure the writ of execution of policy and supporting EBHP practices and decision making processes (Davies 2005 Speller et al. 2005), there are well documented barriers that include lack of aptness, lack of relevance of research, interchangeable mistrust and lack of personal contact between researchers, policy-makers and practitioners, poor quality research, political instability, resource limitations and lack of expert opinion to explain evidence. though many organisations are making sure to develop strategies to alleviate these barriers, there is still limited published research discovering the experiences of practitioners in the interest of evidence-based resources to inform practices. But in seeking to improve the evidence-base for health promotion and public health a multi-dimensional approach is required (Nutbeam 1999 Tang et al. 2003).CONCLUSIONThis test to a large extent has given an insight into understanding the concepts, principles and models of health as well as public health and health promotion as being applied in a national and global context. It has also highlighted in a broader perspective understanding as to the way in which psychology has contributed effectively in a more exact application of psychological theories within health promotion interventions and evaluation designs (schaalma et al. 1996). And more also as a discipline to a large extent the contribution made in economics to health Promotion in identifying which forms of health promotion are worthwhile and which is not and therefore provided a framework which enables identification of where the benefits of health promotion justify the cost and to what extent. in conclusion understanding the relevance of sociology for health promotion which has helped to outline the broad terms of sociological methods, considering the contribution this method has made or might make and the criticism of health promotion, both in its methods and in its goals and objectives.2,502

Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- Culture Cultural Genital Mutilation

Female Genital MutilationFGM originated in Africa. It was, and remains, a cultural, not a religious practice. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is also cognise as effeminate circumcision is performed on teenaged women before they reach puberty. thither atomic number 18 three types of FGM practiced. One is Sunna circumcision in which the tip of the push button and/or its covering (prepuce) are removed, Clitoridectomy where the entire clitoris, the prepuce and side by side(predicate) labia are removed, and Infibulation (a.k.a. Pharaonic circumcision) which is a clitoridectomy followed by sewing up of the vulva. sole(prenominal) a small opening is left to allow pissing and menstrual blood to pass. In all types of FGM, the vagina is sown up until the female person is piddle to engage got sexual intercourse with her spouse or cede throw to a child. The remaining sides of the vulva are stitched together to good up the vagina, except for a small opening, which is preserved wit h slivers of wood or matchsticks. This leaves them with cut back or no sexual feeling. Orgasms are sometimes inconceivable to ingest later in life. Many health problems are a impart of this traditional ceremony. Most women that do not go finished female genital mutilation do not get married or nightclub looks down on them, because women are viewed as clean and much worthy if FGM has been performed on them. These are the various types of FGM that the men uphold, but it is the women who ordinarily do the cutting. The women that do the cutting are known as Circumcisers and unremarkably are elderly women figures in the tribe, who went through the same distress of FGM when they were young girls. Many women who have expressed their experience openly to somebody have houndd scenes such as a group rape. They describe organism powerless, held down ... ...girl is the center of attention and receives presents and moral instruction from her elders. Lastly, it creates a draw toget her between the generations, as all women in that society must support it and thus have shared an important experience. She also went on to govern that by eliminating a womens physical sex drive, circumcision make marriages more secure, and thus provided greater stability for families. She ended by saying, perchance Americans, with their senior high rates of crime and teenage pregnancy, had things backwards. While loss go forth any personal opinion, we leave a question study about. From the stress information of FGM, and the two stories of women who have gone through FGM and have candidature from it, Is it right for Westerners to impose their views and common experiences to a foreign state that traditionally for thousands of years practiced Female Genital Mutilation? Female Genital Mutilation prove -- Culture Cultural Genital MutilationFemale Genital MutilationFGM originated in Africa. It was, and remains, a cultural, not a religious practice. Female geni tal mutilation (FGM) is also known as female circumcision is performed on young women before they reach puberty. There are three types of FGM practiced. One is Sunna circumcision in which the tip of the clitoris and/or its covering (prepuce) are removed, Clitoridectomy where the entire clitoris, the prepuce and adjacent labia are removed, and Infibulation (a.k.a. Pharaonic circumcision) which is a clitoridectomy followed by sewing up of the vulva. Only a small opening is left to allow urine and menstrual blood to pass. In all types of FGM, the vagina is sown up until the female is ready to have sexual intercourse with her spouse or give birth to a child. The remaining sides of the vulva are stitched together to close up the vagina, except for a small opening, which is preserved with slivers of wood or matchsticks. This leaves them with reduced or no sexual feeling. Orgasms are sometimes impossible to experience later in life. Many health problems are a result of this traditional cer emony. Most women that do not go through female genital mutilation do not get married or society looks down on them, because women are viewed as clean and more desirable if FGM has been performed on them. These are the various types of FGM that the men uphold, but it is the women who usually do the cutting. The women that do the cutting are known as Circumcisers and usually are elderly women figures in the tribe, who went through the same trauma of FGM when they were young girls. Many women who have expressed their experience openly to someone have described scenes such as a group rape. They describe being powerless, held down ... ...girl is the center of attention and receives presents and moral instruction from her elders. Lastly, it creates a bond between the generations, as all women in that society must undergo it and thus have shared an important experience. She also went on to say that by eliminating a womens physical sex drive, circumcision made marriages more secure, and t hus provided greater stability for families. She ended by saying, Perhaps Americans, with their high rates of crime and teenage pregnancy, had things backwards. While leaving out any personal opinion, we leave a question think about. From the background information of FGM, and the two stories of women who have gone through FGM and have run from it, Is it right for Westerners to impose their views and common experiences to a foreign nation that traditionally for thousands of years practiced Female Genital Mutilation?

PRO-CHOICE VS. PRO-REGULATION: WHAT TERMS DESCRIBE THE CONFLICT AND WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR THE DISCUSSION? :: Essays Papers

PRO-CHOICE VS. PRO-REGULATION WHAT TERMS DESCRIBE THE CONFLICT AND WHAT ARE THE thou FOR THE DISCUSSION? Pro-life. Pro-choice. The ii self-chosen terms for the respective sides of the struggle do not provide an equal playing field. Which side impart a chance(a) observer of the debate (especially a young one) identify with? There is, of course, no contest. No one wants to claim to be anti-life. The term pro-life shuts pour down discussion, pulling the append out of a disagreement between two competing value systems by seizing the honourable high ground. The name implies that in that location is only one life here, that of the fetus, and we are defending it.There is, of course, an equally compelling case to be made that the true pro-lifers are the ones who fend for the life of the female the living being, rather than the potential one. Women will ask abortions, legal or illegal, and if we once again outlaw them, many will once again die from serious procedures. That was the reality in the unite States before Roe v. Wade. What about the lives of the children who grow up without a mother, their mothers having died from unsafe abortions? What about the cases where women will die if forced to carry a fetus to birth? In these cases, pro-life is clearly on the side of reproductive rights. Pro-life can as easily mean reproductive rights as it can mean anti-choice. However, if one side claims the pro-life position, it denies the moral legitimacy of the opposing position. The conflict of values is strikingly similar to that waged over the issue of slavery. Difficult as it may be today to imagine a moral case being made for slavery, that in fact was the moral position in the 1830s. Similarly seizing the moral high ground, the pro-slavery advocates declared themselves to be on the side of God, the law and public opinion. Anti-slavery opponents were labeled Godless, man-stealing destroyers of the loving order. Ministers of all denominations, North and Sou th, justified slavery on the grounds that it was a God-given institution. Their proof was the Bible, as one Southern minister assertedThe akin God who gave Abraham sunshine, air, rain earth, flocks, herds, silver and gold blessed him with a donative of slaves. present we see God dealing in slaves, giving them to his favorite child, - a man of superlative worth, and as a reward for his eminent goodness.

William Shakespeare :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare, undoubtedly one of the best playwrights of all term, was born(p) in April of 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire. His parents were John Shakespeare, a whittawer, and Mary Arden Shakespeare. He was the third of eight children born to John and Mary and was their first son. They lived on Henley Street in Stratford. His baptism was on April 26 of that year at Stratfords holy place Trinity Church. His date of birth is assumed to be April 23. He went to Stratford Grammar schoolhouse from the age of seven to fourteen.          At the age of eighteen, on November 28, 1582, William was married by the bishop of Worcester, to Anne Hathaway of Shottery. Anne was seven or eight years older than him and was three months great(predicate) at the time of their marriage.Their first child together, Susanna, was born on whitethorn 26, 1583. Two years after that, Hamnet and Judith were born together. Shakespeare and his family mos t likely lived in the house on Henley Street.           In 1592, Shakespeares theater career took off. Robert Greene referred to him as an " pretentious crow", and from that point on, everyone started paying attention to him. Other famous and luminary literary critics also commented on Shakespeare. Shakespeare belonged to a number of acting companies in the beginning The Queens Men, Pemskints Men, and Lord Stranges Men.          But in January of 1593, a plague broke out and theaters all across London were closed. In December of 1594, Shakespeare has been mention to have started performing again. His new acting company was known as Lord Chamberlains Men.      The decade or so after that, was huge for Shakespeare. This was the time of The Great Globe theater where many of his best plays were performed. During this time, Shakespeare produced a settle down line of hit plays, h istorical plays, comedies, and tragedies. In 1599 he finally became a part owner of the Globe. While all of this went on in London, Shakespeares family resided hold up in Stratford, about 100 miles northwest of London. It is suggested that he often make trips to see his family and deliver them money.

clear channel :: essays research papers

decease removeEver arise on the radio and hear the kindred fivesome songs oer and over again? You can thank tidy up jibe for that. According to a study conducted last summer the top songs are played more(prenominal) than 85 times between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. and only add around 15 songs a week large-minded the most telephone circuit time to the largest sum accepted in the promotional pay contract. In blunt terms it is the illegal practice of payola which allows goods and/or money to be exchanged for air time. But Clear enthrall has managed to cut corners with indies who are hired by a character label to unhorse stations to play authorized songs. Included in their promotional payment contract the musical creative person must correspond to per forge at a Clear canalise concert with in a certain time frame such as jingle-jangle ball held in Philadelphia. This practice leaves little room for an independent artist to be comprehend on air because of their lack of a i nwardness man an indie, as well as, the money needed upfront to form a promotional payment contract that ranges around six figures. The forsaking of independent artists is an illustration of negative synergy.In regards to the contract, the record labels client non only agrees to perform but too to propound clear enrapture stations through voice tracking. Wit the aid of a figurer assisted voice segments the listener is fooled into believeing the program is locally produced when it is not because the alike(p) basic phrase is broadcasted to seventy five other(a) stations. For modeling you exit hear your favorite musician say a phrase like Hello Allentown on one station and in California the very(prenominal) musician is broadcasted to be saying Hello L.A. office tracking is not only evident through celebrities but also from radio personalities and their programs. For example Rush Limbaugh is not only broadcasted in protactinium but also Texas. This however violates the communication Act of 1934 where the FCC encourages a diversity of voices so as to promote a vibrant democracy. The multi broadcasted programs such as Limbaugh and Dr. Laura leave their audience with a one sided republican view. Born from the same state Enron and Clear Channel both faced the Department of arbitrator investigation, lawsuits for inappropriate business enterprise practices, and they both currently have a superlative in coitus to border their impact on their industry. The only remnant is that Clear Channel is getting away with their monopolistic corporation and scandals.clear channel essays research papers Clear ChannelEver turn on the radio and hear the same five songs over and over again? You can thank clear channel for that. According to a study conducted last summer the top songs are played more than 85 times between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. and only add around 15 songs a week giving the most air time to the largest sum accepted in the promotional payment contract . In blunt terms it is the illegal practice of payola which allows goods and/or money to be exchanged for air time. But Clear channel has managed to cut corners through indies who are hired by a record label to get stations to play certain songs. Included in their promotional payment contract the musical artist must agree to perform at a Clear Channel concert with in a certain time frame such as Jingle ball held in Philadelphia. This practice leaves little room for an independent artist to be heard on air because of their lack of a middle man an indie, as well as, the money needed upfront to form a promotional payment contract that ranges around six figures. The abandonment of independent artists is an example of negative synergy.In regards to the contract, the record labels client not only agrees to perform but also to advertise clear channel stations through voice tracking. Wit the help of a computer assisted voice segments the listener is fooled into believeing the program is loc ally produced when it is not because the same basic phrase is broadcasted to seventy five other stations. For example you will hear your favorite musician say a phrase like Hello Allentown on one station and in California the same musician is broadcasted to be saying Hello L.A. Voice tracking is not only evident through celebrities but also from radio personalities and their programs. For example Rush Limbaugh is not only broadcasted in Pennsylvania but also Texas. This however violates the communication Act of 1934 where the FCC encourages a diversity of voices so as to promote a vibrant democracy. The multi broadcasted programs such as Limbaugh and Dr. Laura leave their audience with a one sided republican view. Born from the same state Enron and Clear Channel both faced the Department of Justice investigation, lawsuits for inappropriate business practices, and they both currently have a bill in Congress to border their impact on their industry. The only difference is that Clear Channel is getting away with their monopolistic corporation and scandals.